CWL

Warp Drive and ‘Star Trek’: Physics of Future Space Travel

Excerpts from article: For starters, the technical goals ceased to be just science fiction decades ago with a legacy of pertinent publications. To be clear, this does not mean that these breakthroughs are on the threshold of discovery. What it does mean is that these notions have advanced to where they are now problems that are able to be attacked. A graduate-level treatise, along with next-step research options, is available as the compilation “Frontiers of Propulsion Science” (AIAA, 2009). For the rest of us, here is a short version.

Image Credit: Namco Bandai

Faster-than-light engines

Compared to the distances between stars, lightspeed is slow. The neighboring star system nearest to us (Alpha Centauri) is more than four years away at light speed (as measured from the perspective of an external observer). The nearest habitable planet might be anywhere from 25 light-years to 200 light-years away. And, to consider meeting new aliens for each week’s episode, our ship would need a naive cruise speed of at least 25,000 times light speed. The word “naive” is used to remind us that we don’t really know what happens to time and space beyond lightspeed.

Wormholes and warp drives— approaches to FTL flight — are theoretically possible, but the theory has not yet advanced to guide their construction. These theories are based on Einstein’s theory of generalrelativity. The ongoing progress mostly focuses on the energy conditions — how to lower the energy required and how to create and apply the required “negative energy.” One conclusion we have already found is that wormholes are more energy-efficient at creating FTL than warp drive. For more, see Eric Davis’ “Faster-Than-Light Space Warps, Status and Next Steps” paper from last year’s 48th AIAA/ASME/SAE/ASEE Joint Propulsion Conference & Exhibit.

Recent news regarding the work of Harold “Sonny” White at NASA’s Johnson Space Center has been exaggerated. That work is an attempt to measure space-time distortions caused by the presence of negative energy. Unfortunately, I do not have an article to cite about that hypothesis or the methods being used, since such information has not (yet?) been published. Although Eric Davis is tracking this for the Tau Zero Foundation, we do not yet know enough to render judgment.

Quantum physics also presents tempting phenomena relevant to FTL questions. A number of phenomena, such as tunneling and entanglement, fall under the header of “quantum non-locality” — a term I learned from physicist John Cramer at the University of Washington, Seattle. Cramer’s attempt to test the possible time-paradox implications of such phenomena still remains incomplete. The last update I saw was “Status of nonlocal quantum communication test” presented by Cramer and his colleagues.

Control of gravitational and inertial forces

Picture your favorite fictional starship, where the crew is walking around normally, as if in a studio back on Earth. This means that the ship is providing a gravitational field for the comfort and health of the crew — in the middle of deep space where such fields do not exist. This would be a profound breakthrough! This hugely important feature often gets neglected in the shadow of the difficulty of achieving FTL. It is so ubiquitous in science fiction that many people do not even realize it’s there and the extent of its implications. Unfortunately, it does not yet have a cool-sounding name to help champion and convey its essence.

Given such an ability to create acceleration forces inside a spacecraft, it is not much of a leap of imagination to suggest that forces could be created outside a spacecraft too, thus moving the spacecraft through the universe. Such a nonrocket space drive would be a profound breakthrough.

But wait, there’s more. The physics of being able to manipulate gravitational and inertial forces also implies the ability to have “tractor beams” for moving distant objects, “shields” to deflect nearby objects, plus the ability to sense properties of space-time that we cannot yet even fathom.

Researchers have published more than one way to generate such acceleration fields, and both methods are theoretically consistent with Einstein’s general relativity (Robert Forward’s 1963 paper cited below, and the Levi-Civita effect). Both of those have daunting theoretical and implementation challenges, similar to warp drives and wormholes.

However, there is more than one way to approach this challenge, as I presented last year in “Space Drive Physics: Introduction & Next Steps” in the Journal of the British Interplanetary Society. That is the challenge that piques my professional interest. I’m revisiting the works of Eddington and Mach, to test a different formalism of the coupling between space-time (inertial frames) and electromagnetism that can be experimentally tested. Wish me luck.

Unprecedented energy storage and power usage

Interstellar flight — even when in the context of foreseeable technology — requires enormous amounts of energy, more prowess than humanity has yet achieved. On “Star Trek,” they use matter-antimatter to provide energy (antimatter is existing physics), by fully converting matter into energy. Think Einstein’s E=mc2. Our fantastical spacecraft will need at least that much energy, perhaps more.

Nuclear power is a reality that, if used for spaceflight, would greatly increase the extent of space activities using foreseeable technology. The power levels required for FTL flight, values which were once astronomically high, have improved with continued research to where they are now just fantastically daunting.

Other science fiction has cited quantum zero point energy as an ample energy source. Though quantum vacuum energy is rooted in credible theoretical and experimental approaches, that research is still too young to answer the wishes for ample energy conversion. Today, minuscule energy conversions are possible using tiny electrode gaps. Though these experiments are not energy extractors, they do serve as excellent tools to empirically explore this young topic in physics.

Sustainably peaceful society

An important element of “Star Trek” that went beyond technology is its society: creating a cooperative culture that can harness the power of starflight without killing themselves in the process. When considering the potency of the real energy levels required for starflight, that is critically important. This is not just a matter of inspiring fiction or feel-good notions. This is a matter of the survival of our species.

Although trends indicate that humanity is becoming more peaceful, overall, I am concerned that this challenge might turn out to be harder than creating the new physics for FTL and controllable gravity. The good news is that this is something we can all work toward by being more thoughtful about how each of us chooses to resolve conflicts of views, wants and needs.

(Full Article via SPACE)

anarcho-queer:

NYPD Data Proves White People Are More Likely To Possess Drugs Or A Weapon Than Racial Minorities When Stopped, Yet 84% of Stop & Frisk Victims Are Black/Latino

During the just-concluded trial on the New York Police Department’s stop-and-frisk program, the city argued that officers’ disproportionate targeting of black and Latino New Yorkers was not due to racial profiling but because each stopped individual was doing something suspicious at the time. The data, however, tells a different story: weapons and drugs were more often found on white New Yorkers during stops than on minorities, according to the Public Advocate’s analysis of the NYPD’s 2012 statistics.

White New Yorkers make up a small minority of stop-and-frisks, which were 84 percent black and Latino residents. Despite this much higher number of minorities deemed suspicious by police, the likelihood that stopping an African American would find a weapon was half the likelihood of finding one on a white person.

• The likelihood a stop of an African American New Yorker yielded a weapon was half that of white New Yorkers stopped. The NYPD uncovered a weapon in one out every 49 stops of white New Yorkers. By contrast, it took the Department 71 stops of Latinos and 93 stops of African Americans to find a weapon.

• The likelihood a stop of an African American New Yorker yielded contraband was one-third less than that of white New Yorkers stopped. The NYPD uncovered contraband in one out every 43 stops of white New Yorkers. By contrast, it took the Department 57 stops of Latinos and 61 stops of African Americans to find contraband.

It’s unlikely that the appropriate lesson to take from these findings is that stops of white people should increase because they are more likely to carry weapons and drugs. Rather, they suggest that police are excessively targeting minorities. Officers may be netting more successful stops of white New Yorkers because they are only likely to stop a white person when they actually suspect that person of committing a crime. Considering one officer’s testimony that superiors explicitly directed him to target young black men, minorities are judged by a much more flexible definition of “reasonable suspicion.”

In general, stop-and-frisk has proven to be remarkably ineffective; nearly 89 percent of all stops result in no charges. The city has also had to settle a surging number of civil rights lawsuits against police to the tune of $22 million in one year.

Did this 2 years ago so my shading wasn’t as on point. referenced after this. Astronaut Anna Fisher.

cruello:

Astronaut Anna Fisher

John Bryson

I drew this before!

Sun Inverted

This image was recorded in a single color of light called Hydrogen Alpha (H-Alpha), inverted, and false colored.

The gradual brightening towards the Sun’s edges is caused by increased absorption of relatively cool solar gas and called limb darkening. Spicules cover much of the Sun’s face. Several scintillating prominences protrude, while prominences on the Sun’s face are seen as light streaks. The most visually interesting of all are the magnetically tangled active regions containing cool sunspots. — Álvaro Ibáñez Pérez

The Fading Beauty