Warp Drive and ‘Star Trek’: Physics of Future Space Travel
Excerpts from article: For starters, the technical goals ceased to be just science fiction decades ago with a legacy of pertinent publications. To be clear, this does not mean that these breakthroughs are on the threshold of discovery. What it does mean is that these notions have advanced to where they are now problems that are able to be attacked. A graduate-level treatise, along with next-step research options, is available as the compilation “Frontiers of Propulsion Science” (AIAA, 2009). For the rest of us, here is a short version.
Image Credit: Namco Bandai
Faster-than-light engines
Compared to the distances between stars, lightspeed is slow. The neighboring star system nearest to us (Alpha Centauri) is more than four years away at light speed (as measured from the perspective of an external observer). The nearest habitable planet might be anywhere from 25 light-years to 200 light-years away. And, to consider meeting new aliens for each week’s episode, our ship would need a naive cruise speed of at least 25,000 times light speed. The word “naive” is used to remind us that we don’t really know what happens to time and space beyond lightspeed.
Wormholes and warp drives— approaches to FTL flight — are theoretically possible, but the theory has not yet advanced to guide their construction. These theories are based on Einstein’s theory of generalrelativity. The ongoing progress mostly focuses on the energy conditions — how to lower the energy required and how to create and apply the required “negative energy.” One conclusion we have already found is that wormholes are more energy-efficient at creating FTL than warp drive. For more, see Eric Davis’ “Faster-Than-Light Space Warps, Status and Next Steps” paper from last year’s 48th AIAA/ASME/SAE/ASEE Joint Propulsion Conference & Exhibit.
Recent news regarding the work of Harold “Sonny” White at NASA’s Johnson Space Center has been exaggerated. That work is an attempt to measure space-time distortions caused by the presence of negative energy. Unfortunately, I do not have an article to cite about that hypothesis or the methods being used, since such information has not (yet?) been published. Although Eric Davis is tracking this for the Tau Zero Foundation, we do not yet know enough to render judgment.
Quantum physics also presents tempting phenomena relevant to FTL questions. A number of phenomena, such as tunneling and entanglement, fall under the header of “quantum non-locality” — a term I learned from physicist John Cramer at the University of Washington, Seattle. Cramer’s attempt to test the possible time-paradox implications of such phenomena still remains incomplete. The last update I saw was “Status of nonlocal quantum communication test” presented by Cramer and his colleagues.
Control of gravitational and inertial forces
Picture your favorite fictional starship, where the crew is walking around normally, as if in a studio back on Earth. This means that the ship is providing a gravitational field for the comfort and health of the crew — in the middle of deep space where such fields do not exist. This would be a profound breakthrough! This hugely important feature often gets neglected in the shadow of the difficulty of achieving FTL. It is so ubiquitous in science fiction that many people do not even realize it’s there and the extent of its implications. Unfortunately, it does not yet have a cool-sounding name to help champion and convey its essence.
Given such an ability to create acceleration forces inside a spacecraft, it is not much of a leap of imagination to suggest that forces could be created outside a spacecraft too, thus moving the spacecraft through the universe. Such a nonrocket space drive would be a profound breakthrough.
But wait, there’s more. The physics of being able to manipulate gravitational and inertial forces also implies the ability to have “tractor beams” for moving distant objects, “shields” to deflect nearby objects, plus the ability to sense properties of space-time that we cannot yet even fathom.
Researchers have published more than one way to generate such acceleration fields, and both methods are theoretically consistent with Einstein’s general relativity (Robert Forward’s 1963 paper cited below, and the Levi-Civita effect). Both of those have daunting theoretical and implementation challenges, similar to warp drives and wormholes.
However, there is more than one way to approach this challenge, as I presented last year in “Space Drive Physics: Introduction & Next Steps” in the Journal of the British Interplanetary Society. That is the challenge that piques my professional interest. I’m revisiting the works of Eddington and Mach, to test a different formalism of the coupling between space-time (inertial frames) and electromagnetism that can be experimentally tested. Wish me luck.
Unprecedented energy storage and power usage
Interstellar flight — even when in the context of foreseeable technology — requires enormous amounts of energy, more prowess than humanity has yet achieved. On “Star Trek,” they use matter-antimatter to provide energy (antimatter is existing physics), by fully converting matter into energy. Think Einstein’s E=mc2. Our fantastical spacecraft will need at least that much energy, perhaps more.
Nuclear power is a reality that, if used for spaceflight, would greatly increase the extent of space activities using foreseeable technology. The power levels required for FTL flight, values which were once astronomically high, have improved with continued research to where they are now just fantastically daunting.
Other science fiction has cited quantum zero point energy as an ample energy source. Though quantum vacuum energy is rooted in credible theoretical and experimental approaches, that research is still too young to answer the wishes for ample energy conversion. Today, minuscule energy conversions are possible using tiny electrode gaps. Though these experiments are not energy extractors, they do serve as excellent tools to empirically explore this young topic in physics.
Sustainably peaceful society
An important element of “Star Trek” that went beyond technology is its society: creating a cooperative culture that can harness the power of starflight without killing themselves in the process. When considering the potency of the real energy levels required for starflight, that is critically important. This is not just a matter of inspiring fiction or feel-good notions. This is a matter of the survival of our species.
Although trends indicate that humanity is becoming more peaceful, overall, I am concerned that this challenge might turn out to be harder than creating the new physics for FTL and controllable gravity. The good news is that this is something we can all work toward by being more thoughtful about how each of us chooses to resolve conflicts of views, wants and needs.
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![Milky Way rising over CARMA
Image Credit: Steven Christenson
The Combined Array for Research in Millimeter-wave Astronomy (CARMA) is an astronomical instrument comprising 23 radio telescopes. These telescopes form an astronomical interferometer where all the signals are combined in a purpose-built computer (a correlator) to produce high-resolution astronomical images. [**]](http://25.media.tumblr.com/0b54e2c35a7515b50b6de073675f6d8c/tumblr_mmkc6vKat81qbn5m1o1_500.jpg)
![‘Smart Skin’ Transistors Give Robots “Sense of Touch,” Better Interaction With Touch Screens for Humans
The creation of an array of piezotronic transistors using nanowires that convert mechanical motion to electronic controlling signals means we will now have better touch-screen interactions with our tablets and smartphones—but also robots that have “a sense of touch.”
The arrays contain about 8,000 touch-sensitive transistors called taxels that are thin, clear, flexible sheets that wrap around a robotic limb like our skin.
“When we [humans] touch fire, we know it’s hot. [This technology] can allow robots to have that human sense - in other words, make robots more like humans,” lead researcher Zhong Lin Wang told TechNewsDaily.
The achievement of mimicking touch through electronic devices came through measuring changes in resistance caused by mechanical touch.
“Any mechanical motion, such as the movement of arms or the fingers of a robot, could be translated to control signals. This could make artificial skin smarter and more like the human skin. It would allow the skin to feel activity on the surface,” said Zhong Lin Wang, from the Georgia Institute of Technology and one of the study authors.
“This is a fundamentally new technology that allows us to control electronic devices directly using mechanical agitation,” Wang added in a news release. “This could be used in a broad range of areas, including robotics, MEMS, human-computer interfaces and other areas that involve mechanical deformation.”
The study was published in the journal Science.](http://25.media.tumblr.com/f5adc2f8bc753f5de0b886e827f8ee50/tumblr_mmjncr5pfi1qbn5m1o1_500.jpg)
